Type 1 Diabetes

The cause is insulin deficiency, which may be related to the autoimmune mechanism and viral infection. Due to an autoimmune disorder, antibodies against β cells are increased, and then pancreatic islet secretion function is impaired and even suffers serious damage, thus causing the onset of diabetes. We can infer that after viral infection, pancreatic islet β cells are damaged, and β cells are reduced.

Some patients with type 1 diabetes have autoimmune diseases and immune antibodies in various organs. The disease occurs when β cells are damaged by lymphocytic infiltration of the pancreatic islets. More pathogenic factors such as genetic problems and β cell apoptosis are still being studied.

Type 2 Diabetes

The pathogenesis mainly lies in the relative lack of insulin secretion, the high insulin resistance, the imbalance of insulin supply and demand, and the inability to properly deal with the rise of blood sugar, which has already existed in pre-diabetes. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely related to the following factors:

• Insulin resistance occurs in body tissues, especially insulin-dependent tissues such as adipocytes, muscles and liver.
• The secretion of first phase insulin after food intake for islet cytokines is impaired, which increases post-meal blood sugar.
• Abnormal increase of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
• The existence of non-immune insulin antagonism impedes insulin action in blood circulation.
• The chemical properties of insulin molecules are changed by the internal environment, which lowers the effective effect of insulin, that is, the biological activity of insulin molecules caused by isomerism is reduced.